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Institute of International Education 

International Relations Clubs 
Syllabus No. VI 

Modern Mexican History 
By Herbert I. Priestley, Ph.D. 

Associate Professor of Mexican History and Librarian of the 
Bancroft Library, University of California 




/-/ 



December, 1920 



The Institute of International Education 

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DIRECTOR 
Telephone: Mornhgside 7419 Cable Address: "Intered' 

ADMINISTRATIVE BOARD 

Herman V. Ames Paul Monroe 

L. H. Baekeland John Bassett Moore 

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BUREAU DIVISIONS 

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Far East Paul Monroe 

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Women's Colleges Virginia Newcomb 

International Relations Clubs Bernice Sanborn 



Institute of International Education 

International Relations Clubs 
Syllabus No. VI 

Modern Mexican History 
By Herbert I. Priestley, Ph.D. 

Associate Professor of Mexican" History and Librarian of the 
Bancroft Library, University of California 




December, 1920 






G ift 

KA3 23 /S?i 



PREFACE 

Each section of the syllabus is introduced by a study outline, 
in which the principal features of the subject of the section are 
indicated. The study outline is aimed at presentation of truth 
rather than of opinion, and is intended as a guide for reading 
and study. The lists of references which follow each outline are 
full enough to permit students to obtain materials whatever may 
be the resources of the library to which they have access. It 
is not necessary that the student should use a profusion of the 
materials indicated. The suggestion is offered that each of the 
sub-topics in each outline be chosen by two or more students for 
study some time in advance of meetings, and that reports, oral 
or written, be made upon the results obtained. Titles in the read- 
ing lists which are considered of most value are marked with a 
star. The lists contain materials on all sides of the problems of 
Mexico, hence it will be possible, with a little care, to arrange 
interesting debates for each section. Most of the titles listed con- 
tain materials valuable for sections other than those for which 
they are listed. 

Herbert I. Priestley 



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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2010 with funding from 
The Library of Congress 



http://www.archive.org/details/modernmexicanhisOOprje 



SECTION I 
THE TERRITORY OF MEXICO AND THE PEOPLE 

i 

Extent of Mexico 

Mexico colonial and contemporary; the northern boundary under Spain; 
Treaty of 1 8 19; Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ; Gadsden Purchase; southern 
boundary in modern times; conflicts with Central American states. 

Physical features 

The Isthmus of Tehuantepec; plateaus of Yucatan, Oaxaca, Puebla, and 
Anahuac; low hot coastal plains; eastern and western Sierras. Lower 
California. The great barrancas or natural gorges of the north: Cobre, 
Batopilas, San Carlos. 

Hydrography 

Rios Grande, Colorado, Conchos, Salado, Lerma, Mexcala, Panuco, Coat- 
zacoalcos, Zuchiate, etc. Closed basins of Mapimi and Anahuac; non- 
navigable rivers; areas of irrigation, cuencas; the Bajio. Lakes Tezcoco, 
Xochimilco, Chalco, Zumpango, Xaltocan, San Cristobal, Chapala, Patz- 
cuaro. Climatic zones vertical rather than horizontal: tierra caliente, hot 
lands; tierra templada, temperate regions; tierra fria, cold altitudes. 

2 

Natural agricultural resources 

The native products: sisal, tobacco, corn, beans, chile, indigo, vanilla, cocoa, 
cochineal, chicle, coffee, bananas, rubber. Naturalized products: wheat, 
barley, cotton, sugar, etc. Grazing, in colonial times; present status. 
Industries dependent on grazing. 

Natural mineral resources 

Precious metals; location, depth, area. Mining in colonial times; relation 
to modern mining; early bonanzas, followed by modern low grade workings; 
rank of Mexico as producer of silver.. Deposits of copper, iron, coal; other 
metals; petroleum. Interest of Spaniards in these; of the Mexican govern- 
ment; legislation on mining. Modern exploitation. Foreign capital. 

3 

Influence of geographical conditions 

Distribution of crop areas; irrigation and rainfall; character of the soil 
in various parts; aridity; dry farming; limited variety of food crops; 
non-food crops, pulque and mezcal; crop failures, famines. Social and 
economic influence of agricultural conditions. 

[5] 



4 
The Mexican Indians 

Affinity with others of North America. The Uto-Aztec family: Shoshon- 
eans, Aztecs, Sonora Indians, Pimas, Comanches, Tarahumaras, Huichols; 
Zapotecs, Mixtecs, Tarascos, Huastecs. The Maya-Quiche family. The 
Aztec Confederacy at the time of the Spanish Conquest: its culture, re- 
ligion, business, science, war, land system, social system, government; 
effect of the Conquest on the native groups. 



5 
Present social conditions in Mexico 

The Indian the base of the social pyramid; abjection of the natives; il- 
literacy; disintegration of the old native groups in the populous areas; 
relations with the half-breed group; linguistic diversities; proportion who 
speak Spanish; the "pelado," or indigent peon; modern movement toward 
mestizo supremacy; effect of industry on Indian labor; on his character; 
radicalism among the lower classes. The European and American population, 
at the apex of the pyramid; the nations represented; their relations with 
Mexicans. Anti-foreign sentiment in legislation; in politics; in wars. 
Religion among the people; religion and the government. Protestant 
missions, their effect, their reception. Protestant education and the modern 
revolution. The army and the government. Education under colonial 
control; under the Republic; modern organization of education. 

References: 
Books in English 

Ballou, M. M., Aztec Land, 1890. 

Bancroft, Hubert H., The Native Races of the Pacific States, (5 Vols. J 1874-5) 

Vols. 2 and 4. 

, The History of Mexico, (6 vols., 1883-8) Vol. 2. 

, The History of Mexico, (1 vol., 19 14). 

Biart, Lucien, The Aztecs, 1905. (French edition, 1885). 

Bowditch, C. P., The Numeration, Calendar Systems, and Astronomical Knowh 

edge of the Mayas, 1910. 
Brinton, D. G., The American Race, 1901. 
Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. 28, Mexican and Central American 

Antiquities, Calendar Systems, and History. [Articles by Seler and others], 1904. 
Carson, W. E., The Wonderland of the South, 1919. 
Case, A. B., Thirty Years with the Mexicans in Peace and Revolution, (Introd. 

by David P. Barrows), 19 17. 
Charnay, D., The Ancient Cities of the New World, 1887, (French edition, 1863). 
Df az del Castillo, Bernal, The True History of the Conquest of Mexico. 

Hakluyt Soc. Pubs., 1908, Maudslay, ed. 
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1910 ed., at the word Mexico. 
Enock, R., Mexico, its ancient and modem civilization, 1909. 
Farnham, T. J., Mexico, its Geography, its People, its Institutions, 1846. 
*Fortier, A., Central America and Mexico, 1907. 

16] 



Guide Books to Mexico, by Campbell, Conkling, Ferguson, Janvier, Paz, and 
Terry. 

*Hale, Susan, The Story of Mexico (Story of the nations), 1889. 

Humboldt, Alexander, Political essay on the kingdom of New Spain, 1814. 
Vol. 1. 

, Selections from the works of . . . relating to climate, inhabi- 
tants, products, population, 1824. 

James, T., Three Years among the Indians and Mexicans, 1916. 

Joyce, T. A., Mexican Archaeology, 19 14. 

*Keane, A. H., Central and South America, 1909. Vol. I. 

Kingsborough, E. K., The Antiquities of Mexico, 9 vols., 1830-48, Vol. 6. 

Lumholtz, Carl, Unknown Mexico, 2 vols., 1902. 

Marshall, T. M., A History of the Western Boundary of the Louisiana Pur- 
chase, 1914. (Maps). 

Mexico, its Social Evolution, 2 vols, in 3, 1900-1904. Vol. 1. 

Pan American Union, Mexico, a General Sketch, 191 1. 

Prescott, W. H., The Conquest of Mexico, Vol. 1, pp. 7-133. 

Spence, L., The Civilization of Ancient Mexico, 1912. 

Starr, F., In Indian Mexico, 1908. 

Trowbridge, E. D., Mexico Today and Tomorrow, 1919. 

Maps 

Rand McNally folding map of Mexico. 

Shepherd, Wm. R., Historical Atlas, plates 202-3. 

Garcia Cubas, A., Atlas pinioresco de la Republica Mexicana. 

Thomas and Swanton, Indian Languages of Mexico . . . Bureau of American 
Ethnology, Bulletin 44 (Linguistic stocks). 

Review of Reviews, 44:104, July, 191 1. (Lower California), 

National Geographic Mag., 21:105, Dec. 1910. (Outline map). 

Periodical literature 

Ayme, L. H., Ancient Mexican Theogony and Cosmogony. (Notes and Queries 

and Historical Mag., Vol. 20 (1902), 65-71. 
Bandelier, A., On the Distribution and Tenure of Lands, and Other Customs with 

Respect to Inheritance among the Ancient Mexicans, (Peabody Mus., nth 

Ann. Rep., Vol. 2, No. 2.) 
» Social Organization and Mode of Government of the Ancient Mexicans, 

(Peabody Mus., 12th Ann. Rep., Vol. 2, No. 3). 
Blake, W. W., The National Museum of Mexico, (Records of the Past, 2:16-26, 

Jan., 1903). 
Esquivel Obregon, T., Factors in the Historical Evolution of Mexico, (His. Amer. 

Hist. Rev., May, 1919, 135-72). 
Foreigners Hold Vast Areas, (Mexican Review, Feb., 1920). 
Nordhoff, C. B., The Human Side of Mexico, (Atlantic Monthly, Dec, 1919). 
Prescott, Wm., The Luster of Ancient Mexico, (Nat. Geog. Mag., Vol. 30, No. i, 

July, 1916). 
Rundall, W. H., Tabasco and Chiapas; Two Little Known States of Southern 

Mexico, (Chamber's Journal, 79:345, 1902). 

17] 



Books in foreign languages 

AlamAn, L., Disertaciones sobre la historia de la Repiiblica Mexicana, 5 vols, 

1844-9. Vol. I, Chap. 1. 

, Historia de Mejico . . . 1849-52, Vol. 1. 

Basil, V. L., Le Mexique, resume giographique . . . industrial, historique, et 

social. . . . 1862. 
Chevalier, M., Le Mexique ancien et modern, 1845. (English edition, 1846), 

Vol. 1, pt 3. 
Domenech, E., Histoire du Mexique, 1868. Vol. I. 
Lejeal, Leon, Les antiquites mexicaines, 1902. 
Le6n, N., Compendio de la historia de Mexico, 1919 ed. the best. 
Pereyra, Carlos, Historia del pueblo mexicano, 2 vols. 1909. 
Perez VerdIa L., Compendio de la historia de Mexico, 191 1. 
Pierron, E., Datos para la geografia del imperio mexicano 1886 
Riva Palacio, V., ed. Mexico a traves de los siglos, 5 vols. 1888-9. 
Rivera Cambas M., Historia . . . de Jalapa, 1869-71, Vol. 1. 



SECTION II 
THE SPANISH COLONIAL REGIME, 1519-1810 



The colonial policy of Spain 

Discovery followed by immediate occupation; great movement in 16th 
century; nearly all of modern Mexico then covered; adventuresome, turbu- 
lent spirit of Spaniards; pioneer society; retrograde character of 17th cen- 
tury as to expansion; border activities of frontiersmen; foreign rivalry begun; 
1 8th century shows fiercer conflicts between Spanish, French, and English; 
colonial reforms of late 18th century; new policy of liberal regulations, 
adhering to the mercantile theory. Conquests rewarded by huge land grants 
and exploitation of Indians on encomiendas, with duty of Christianizing 
them. Exclusion of foreigners from residence and trade; fleets and gal- 
leons of the commercial service, their purpose, their enemies, smuggling, 
breakdown; severe taxation, monopolies of trade and manufacture; special 
privileges, not system; all industry injured; foreigners, French and English, 
acquire control of the commercial machinery. 



The government of New Spain 

The king in Spain, absolute ruler, "fountain of law and justice"; Council 
of the Indies; Casa de Contratacion ; minister of the Indies, after 1720; 
the viceroys as "alter ego" of the king; audiencias or supreme courts; the 
audiencia of Mexico; of Guadalajara; governors or military commanders 
of provinces; the municipalities, weak state under Charles I, emasculation 

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under Charles III, effect of the crushing of municipalities on the movement 
for independence; privileges of the military, of the clergy; of the merchants, 
of the miners, of the agriculturists; public order; minute employments 
of the viceroys; the alcaldes may ores and corregidores. Vassals must learn 
to obey and be silent. 

3 
The position of the Church 

To Christianize the Indians the policy of the government; this gave the 
Church great advantage; conquest began when power of Church was 
growing; Philip II as Spaniard and Catholic; work of Regular Orders, 
first to arrive; their reluctance to surrender territory to the Secular Church; 
conflicts of ecclesiastical jurisdiction; quarrels between Spanish and Creole 
clergy over preference in office; the mission system developed an as im- 
provement over the encomienda for exploitation of the natives; missions 
develop religious, vocational, educational and protective character; their 
use as a frontier defence; the Church policy of land monopolization the 
cause of frequent disturbance in colonial times, and of revolution in recent 
years; economic and civil character of Church influence; social and intel- 
lectual prestige of clericals; their reluctance to surrender civil privilege. 

4 
Lack of constitutional guarantees 

Absolutism of kings a cause of discontent, but not of separatism, until late 
1 8th century; venality of courts; delays of justice; malfeasance in office; 
all create distrust. Purchase of offices gave special privileges and made 
possible special abuses. Rights in property not absolute; prescriptive right 
of king to all lands a constant menace to tenure of lands. Special privileges 
to upper strata of society was against development of character among the 
lower groups; alleged inferiority of American-born Spaniards, their prac- 
tical exclusion from preference in offices of Church and State. The dom- 
inance of Spaniards in commerce, mining, and office, creating a feeling of 
discontent which become active with the occurrence of the Napoleonic dis- 
turbance of Europe. 

References: 
Books in English 

[Note. For Section II the general works on Mexico mentioned in Section I, 
under the names Bancroft, Fortier and Ficklin, the Ecyclopaedia Britannica, the 
Guide Books, Hale, Trowbridge, Alaman, Baril, Chevalier, Domenech, Leon, 
Pereyra, Perez Verdia, and Riva Palacio, are of value. Only a few titles are 
repeated in these lists]. 

/"Bancroft, Hubert H., History of Mexico, Vols. 3 and 4. 
w/ *Blackmar, F. W., Spanish Institutions of the Southwest, 1898. 
v *Bolton, H. E., Texas in the Middle Eighteenth Century, 1913. 

, Kino's Historical Memoir of Pimeria Alta, 2 v. 191 1. 

\, * , and T. M. Marshall, The Colonization of North America, 1492- 

1783, 1920. 

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*Bourne, E. G., Spain in America, 1904. 

Burke, Edmund, An Account of the Spanish Settlements in America, 1760. 

Catholic Encyclopedia, at the word Mexico, Vol. 10, pp. 250-65, gives the activ- 
ities of the religious orders in New Spain from the time of Cortes. 
V *Chapman, C. E., The Founding of Spanish California, 1916. Chapters 4, 8, 
9, 10, on expansion, diplomacy, etc., in the 18th century. 

Ellis, G., Las Casas and the Relations of the Spaniards with the Indians, (In 
Winsor, J., Narrative and critical history, Vol. 2, pp. 299-348). 

*Haring, C. H., Trade and Navigation between Spain and the Indies in the Time 
of the Hapsburgs, 1918. 

*Helmolt, H. F., The History of the World, 1902. Vol. 1, Chap. 5. 

Lea, H. C, The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies, 1908, Chap. 6. 

Lowery, W., Spanish Settlements within the Present Boundaries of .the United 
States, 1513-65, 191 1. (Government of New Spain). 

* Martin, Percy F., Mexico of the XX Century, 1907, Chaps. 1 and 2. 
Mayer, Brantz, Mexico, Aztec, Spanish, Republican, 1852, Vol. 1. 

* *Moses, Bernard, The Establishment of Spanish Rule in America, 1898. 
Noll, A. H., A Short History of Mexico, 1910. 

*Priestley, H. I., Jose de Gdlvez, Visitor General of New Spain, 1765-71, 1916. 

(Chaps. 5 and 10). 
*Robertson, William, The History of America. 2 Vol., 1777. (Especially Vol. 2, 

Book 8, for a summary of the institutions). 

Periodical literature 

Bolton, H. E., The Mission as a Frontier Institution in the Spanish American 
Colonies, (Amer. Hist. Rev., Vol. 23, No. 2, Oct., 1917). 

* Hackett, C. W., Delineation of Political Jurisdictions in Spanish North America 

t° I 535- (Hispanic Amer. Hist. Rev., Vol. 1, No. 1, 1918, 40-68). 
^ Moses, B., The early Political Organization of Mexico, (Yale Review, Nov., 

1895, and Feb., 1896). 
Ogg, Frederic, Mexico from Cortes to Diaz. (Munsey's, Dec, 1919). 
^ Priestley, H. I., Spanish Colonial Municipalities (California Law Review, 

Sept., 1919). 
v , The old University of Mexico, (Univ. of Cal. Chronicle, Vol. 21, No. 4, 

Oct., 1919). 

Books in foreign languages 

Altamira y Crevea, R., Historia de Espana y de la civilizacion espaiiola, 4 vols. 

19 13 passim. 
Cavo, Andres, Los tres sighs de Mexico, 2 vols. 4 v. in 2, 1836-8. Vol. 1, 

175 ff- 

* Colmeiro, M., Historia de la economia politica en Espana, 1863. 

GarcIa, Genaro, Tumultos y rebeliones acaecidas en Mexico, 1540-18 10, 1907. 
Gonzalez Obreg6n, L., Los precursores de la independencia mexicana en el siglo xvi, 

1906. 
Granados y GAlvez, J. J., Tardes americanas, pp. 339 ff., 1778. 
Haebler, K., Prosperidad y decadencia de Espana durante el siglo xvi, 1899. 

[10] 



Orozco y Berra, M., Apuntes para la historia de la geografia en Mexico, i{ 

Chaps. 9 and 10 recount the advances in the occupation of territory. 
Rivera Cambas, M., Los gobemantes de Mexico, 2 vols. 



SECTION III 

THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE, 1810-21 
1 

The reign of Charles IV of Spain 

Reversal of policies of his father; efforts to check French revolutionary 
propaganda; war on the French Convention, 1792; war with England, 
1797; machinations of Godoy, Prince of the Peace, fear of Napoleon; pro- 
gram against him; his invasion of Spain, its pretext; abdication of Charles 
and of Ferdinand; the imprisonment of Spanish rulers at Bayonne; crown- 
ing of Joseph Bonaparte; rise of the juntas; "petite guerre" against the 
French. The Junta Central de Seville. 

2 

The repercussion in Mexico 

General loyalty of New Spain to the Bourbons; attitude of viceroy; audiencia 
against ayuntamiento; Iturrigaray deposed; Garibay; Lizana; the Valladolid 
revolt. Changed attitude of the Spaniards. 

3 

The revolt under Hidalgo 

The Conspiracy of Queretaro; its discovery; Grito de Dolores: battles 
of the early revolution; the march on Mexico City; battle of Monte de 
las Cruces; failure to defend Guadalajara; flight northward; capture, trial, 
and execution of Hidalgo and compatriots. His revolt as an expression of 
class hatred; its scant program, seeking dispossession of the Spaniards 
and elevation of the lowest level of the people. 

4 
The epoch of Morelos 

New character of the revolution, for political separation; failure of the 
Liberal movement in Spain to meet the aspirations of the radicals in Am- 
erica; the Constitution of 1812 for the Spanish Empire; Constitution of 
Apatzingan; its nullity, its historical value. Capture and execution of 
Morelos; decline of the revolution under the policy of the viceroy Apodaca. 
Restoration of Ferdinand in Spain. Return of absolutism. 

5 
The revival of radicalism in Spain 

The revolution of 1820; menace to the Church; changed attitude of the 
conservatives of New Spain as a result; they become revolutionaries. Am- 



bitions of A. Iturbide; the Plan of Iguala; its reception; the last of the 
viceroys, Odonoju; Treaty of Cordoba; establishment of the Mexican 
Regency; the Constituent Congress; the coup d'etat of San Hipolito; 
ephemeral empire of Iturbide; the return to republican ideals. 

6 
The military anarchy 

The period from 1828 to 1836, a tangle of private and class ambitions; 
establishment of a centralized republic with privileged classes, military 
and clerical, in the ascendency. Constitution of 1836; its failure to provide 
a government; the Bases Organicas of 1843, creating a "Constitutional 
Despotism." From this period until 1857 there ensued a struggle for 
domination by the Liberal Party, which was near to triumph in the War 
of the Reform, 1857-61. 



Relations between Mexico and the United States 

Spanish suspicion and fear of aggression the heritage of the Mexicans; 
attitude of the United States toward independence of Spanish America; 
scant participation in the movement by individuals; final recognition; 
the Monroe Doctrine; treaties of amity and commerce; boundary treaty; 
the border; the Texas migrations; the Texas Revolution; the War .with 
the United States; its causes, its prosecution, the results, on the Mexican 
mind, on Mexican territory; justification of the war from the American 
standpoint. Sentiment in Mexico favoring absorption by the United States 
at the end of the war. 

References: (Paragraphs 1-5). 

Books in English 

*Bancroft, Hubert H., History of Mexico, Vol. 4, Chaps. 1-4. 

de Beneskt, C, A Narrative of the Last Moments of the Life . . . of Iturbide. 

Bullock, W. H., Six Months' Residence and Travels in Mexico, 1825. 

Burke, U. R., Life of Benito Juarez, 1894. 

Hasbrouck, L. A., Mexico from Cortes to Carranza, 1918, Chap. 2. 

Henderson, J. B., American Diplomatic Questions, 1901, Chap. 4. 

Manning, W. R., Early Diplomatic Relations between the United Slates and 

Mexico, 19 16. 
*Noll, A. H., From Empire to Republic, 1903. 

*Noll, A. H., and McMahon, The Life and Times of . . . Hidalgo, 1910. 
Ober, F. A., ed., The History of Mexico, 1913. (Brantz Mayer). 
[Poinsett, J.], Notes on Mexico. (1824 ed., pp. 253 ff ; 1825 ed., App., pp. 22 ff.) . 
Rives, G. L., The United States and Mexico, 1821-48, 2 vols. 1913. 
■ Robinson, F., Mexico and her Military Chieftains, 1847. 
Robinson, W. D., Memoirs of the Mexican Revolution, 1820. 
Winton, G. B., A New Era in Old Mexico, 1905. 
Young, P., History of Mexico, 1850. 

[12] 



Periodical literature 

Baylor, F. C, Hidalgo, the Washington of Mexico, (N. Princeton Mag., 5:88. 
219). 
^'Bolton, H. E., ed., Gen. J. Wilkinson as Adviser to Iturbide. (Docs, in Hisp. 

Amer. Hist. Rev., Vol. 1, No. 2). 
*<Lea, H. C, Hidalgo y Costilla and Morelos, (Amer. Hist. Rev., 4:636, 1899). 
I^mith, J. H.„ Poinsett's Career in Mexico, (Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc, Apr., 
1914). 

Books in foreign languages 

[Note. Previously listed general works are useful here.] 

VArrangoiz, F., Mexico desde 1808 hasta 186J, 4 v., 1871-2, Vol. I. 

Arroniz, M., Biografia del . . . iniciador de la independencia, 1878. 

Baz, G., Vida de Juarez, 1874. 

Bulnes, F., La guerra de independencia, Hidalgo-Iturbide, 1910. 

Bustamante, C. M., Cuadro historico de la revolucidn, 6 v., 1823-32, Vol. 1. 

Fuentes, J. M., Apuntes y documenlos sobre las familias Hidalgo y Costilla. . . . 
1909. 
KjArcia, G., El plan de independencia de la Nueva Espafia en 1808, 1903. 

Guerra, J., Historia de la revolucidn de Nueva Espafia, 1813. 

Parisot, J. T., Memoirs autographiaues de . . . Iturbide, 1824. 

PereyrA, C, Texas; la primera desmembracion de Mexico, 1918. 

Pesado, J. J., El libertador de Mexico, 1878. 

Zerecero, A., Memoria para la historia de las revoluciones en Mexico, 1869. 

■ , Biografia de Benito Juarez, 1867. 

References: (Paragraph 6, American Relations.) 
Books in English 

^Abbott, G. D., Mexico and the United States, 1869. 
u- Bishop, F., Our First War with Mexico, 19 16. 

4^*Cox, I. J., Monroe and the Early Mexican Revolutionary Agents. (Amer. Hist. 
p Assoc. Report, 1911, Vol. 1, pp. 197-215). 
*Fish, Carl R., American Diplomacy, 19 15. 

*Foster, J. W., A Century of American Diplomacy . . . 1776-1876. (Chaps. 
9, 11, 12, Mexico). 
^Garrison, G. P., Diplomatic Correspondence of . . . Texas. (Amer. Hist. 
Assoc. Report, 1908, 2 vols. 

, Texas: a Contest of Civilizations, 1903. 

*Hart, A. B., The Foundations of American Foreign Policy, 1910. 
*Henderson, J. B., American Diplomatic Questions, 1901. 
[/Hunt, S. F., The Mexican War; Causes and Results. (In his Orations and His- 
torical Addresses, Cin., 1908, pp. 161-79). 
*Johnson, W. F., America's Foreign Relations, 2 vols., 1916. 
^Latane, J. H., The Diplomatic Relations of the United States and Spanish 
America, 1900. 

[13] 



Latane, J. H., The United Stales and Latin America, 1920. 

, From Isolation to Leadership, 1920. 

McElroy, R. M., The Winning of the Far West, 1914. 

Manning, W. R., Early Diplomatic Relations . . . 1916. 

Marshall, T. M., A History of the Western Boundary of the Louisiana Purchase. 

Moore, J. B., A Digest of International Law, 8 vols., 1906. 

, American Diplomacy, 1905. 

Owen, C. H., The Justice of the Mexican War, 1908. 

Reeves, J. S., American Diplomacy under Tyler and Polk, 1907. 
v Rives, G. L., The United States and Mexico, 1913. 
V Smith, J. H., The Annexation of Texas. ,- a 

\ , The War with Mexico, 2 vols., 1919. (Bibliography). 

Snow, F., Treaties and Topics in American Diplomacy, 1894, Chap. 4. 
V" Taylor, Z., Letters of . . . Reprinted, 1908. 

v 'Upton, Emory, The Military Policy of the United States during the Mexican 
War. Wash., Government printer, 63 Cong., 2d Sess. House Doc. 972. 

Webster, Daniel, Speech on the War with Mexico, 1848. 

Whetmore, P. M., Observations on the Origin and Conduct of the War with Mexico, 
1847. 

Periodical literature 

Adams, E. D., English Interest in the Annexation of California. (Amer. Hist. 

Rev., 14:744). 

■ — , British Interests and Activities in Texas, 1838-1846, 1910. 

Barker, E. C, The Annexation of Texas. (Amer. Hist. Rev., 17:626). 
, California as a Cause of the Mexican War. (Texas Hist. Rev., 2:213 

-221). 

-, President Jackson and the Texas Revolution. (Amer. Hist. Rev., 



12:788). 
\ , The United States and Mexico, 1835-37. (Miss. Valley Hist. Rev., 

1:3-30). 
} Bourne, E. G., The United Slates and Mexico. (Amer. Hist. Rev., 5:491). 
I, Feipel, L. N., The United States Navy in Mexico, 1821-1914. (U. S. N. Inst., 
Proc. 41:33). 
Garrison, G. P., The First Stage in the Movement for the Annexation of Texas. 
(Amer. Hist. Rev., 10:72). 
' Houck, L., Boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase. (Amer. Hist. Rev. 7:607). 
1 Kohl, C. C, Claims as a Cause of the Mexican War. (N. Y. Univ. Series of Grad. 

School Studies), 1914. 
I McElroy, R. M., The Mexican War. (Met., 25:663-81, Mar., 1907; 26:59-71, 
199-210, 331-41, 457-65, 55i-6o, 742-50, April-Sept.; 27:66-73, 195-203, Oct.- 
Nov., 1907). 
Manning, W. R., Diplomacy Concerning the Santa Fe Road. (Miss. Valley 
Hist. Rev., March, 1915, 516-31). 

, Texas and the Boundary Issue, 1882-9 (Southwestern Hist. Quarterly, 

Jan., 19.., 217-61). 
, Poinsett's Mission to Mexico; a Discussion of his interference in Inter- 

[14] 



national Affairs. (Amer. Journal of International Law, Vol. 7, Oct., 1913, 

781-822). 
K Oster, J. E., Diplomatic and Treaty Relations between the United States and 

Mexico. (Mag. of Hist., 19:106-17, Aug.-Sept., 1914). 
C- Reeves, J. S., The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. (Amer. Hist. Rev., 10:309-24, 

1905). 
v Rippy, J. F., Diplomacy of the United States and Mexico regarding the Isthmus 

of Tehuantepec, 1848-60. (Miss. Valley Hist. Rev., March, 1920). 
^ , The Indians of the Southwest in the Diplomacy of the United States 

and Mexico. (Hisp. Amer. Hist. Rev., 2:363-96, Aug., 1919). 
!■ , Mexican Projects of the Confederacy. (Southwestern Hist. Quar., 

22:301-317, April, 1919). 
V' Rives, G. L., Mexican Diplomacy on the Eve of the War with the United States. 

(Amer. Hist. Rev., 18:275-94, Jan., 1913). 
^ Sears, L. M., Slidell's Mission to Mexico. (Sou. Atlantic Quar., 1:12-26). 
v Smith, J. H., Mexican Recognition of Texas. (Amer. Hist. Rev. 16:36, 191 1). 
t , The Drama of our Diplomacy in Mexico. (World's Work, Jan., 1914, 

308-12). This number contains many other valuable articles on Mexico. 

La Republica del Rio Grande. (Amer. Hist. Rev., 25:550, April, 



1920). 

Our Preparation for the War with Mexico. (Military Hist, and 



Econ., Jan., 1917). 

Ware, M. W., A Hidden Cause of the Mexican War. (Hist. Teachers' Mag., 
5:74-7, March, 1914). 
VWilson, Howard I., President Buchanan's Proposed Intervention in Mexico. 
(Amer. Hist. Rev., 5:687, 1900). 



SECTION IV 

THE WAR OF THE REFORM AND THE FRENCH INTER- 
VENTION, 1857-67 

1 

Santa Anna in Mexican politics 

The presidencies of Herrera and Arista; need of avoiding trouble with the 
monarchists; peaceful transfer of the power to Arista; resignation of Arista; 
return of Santa Anna at instance of Alaman; he is made dictator; dis- 
solution of the legislatures, and of Congress; army increased; quasi-royal 
court; dictatorship made perpetual; persecution of political opponents. 
The revolt of Ignacio Comonfort; accession of Juan Alvarez, and pro- 
nouncement of Plan de Ayutla; flight of Santa Anna. 



The short presidency of Alvarez and that of Comonfort 

Conservatives, Moderates, and Liberals; drafting a new constitution; 
the Ley Juarez of November 22, 1855, depriving clergy of fueros or legal 

[15] 



exemptions; effect on the people; on politics; program of Creoles (Liberals) 
developed in the Ley Lerdo, June 25, 1856, or Law of Disamortization, 
depriving Church of lands, for compensation ; the Ley Iglesias, and others, 
depriving clergy of civil functions. Adoption of Constitution of 1857, 
under Comonfort; its radical character, separation of Church and State; 
restored representative, republican, popular, and federal forms; failed to 
remove viceroyal spirit of government; its theoretical gift of power over 
the executive to Congress; futility of this in Mexico; it is a reason for 
much political revolution. Conservatives oppose Constitution; Church 
and Pope declaim against it; the War of the Reform, 1857-61, to establish 
it. French intervention sought by Mexican monarchists. 

3 
Causes of the intervention 

Success of Liberals under Juarez; demand of Conservatives for a foreign 
prince; unpaid claims, crooked finance; the foreign debt; Juarez suspended 
interest payments; desire of Europe to checkmate United States; fear of 
democracy; attitude of Europe encouraged by our absorption in Civil 
War. The Convention of London, October 31, 1861. Difficult position 
of United States. 

4 
The French intervention 

Joint expedition of France, Spain, and England; Napoleon Ill's covert 
design to seat Maximilian on a Mexican throne; injustice of Jecker finance, 
and Napoleon's aid to him. England and Spain withdrawn from the com- 
bination; sole occupation by France; siege of Puebla; entry into Mexico City. 

5 
Attitude of the United States 

Our claims; border difficulties; Buchanan's policy; McLane-Ocampo 
Treaty; Lincoln's proposal to assume Mexico's debt; rejection of both 
plans; motives of United States. 

6 

Maximilian's empire 

Farcical election; coronation; Convention of Miramar; the financial cost 
to Mexico; arrival in Mexico. Maximilian, a Liberal, on a Conservative 
throne. His quarrel with the Church over lands, etc. Failure to propitiate 
Liberals while alienating Conservatives. His famous order to execute 
patriots taken under arms; effect in United States. His empire's widest 
extent. 

7 

Attitude of United States after Civil War 

Popularity of proposed interventions; official attitude; Seward's hostility 
to France; secret aid to Juarez; Lew Wallace's raid; Maximilian's vac- 
illation as regards abdication; distress of Carlota; Liberal victories in 
the north of Mexico; patriot movement southward; precarious condition 

[16] 



of the Empire; removal of French guarantees; withdrawal of troops. The 
Empire cornered at Queretaro; siege by Liberals; betrayal of Maximilian; 
effort among civilized nations to save his life; Juarez implacable, having 
purpose to demonstrate the futility of foreign interventions and of the futility 
of the clerical ideal of a foreign royal house in Mexico. 

References : 
Books in English 
v ' Abbott, G. D., Mexico and the United States. (Contains Biography of Juarez). 
Alvensleben, M., With Maximilian in Mexico. 1867. 
Baerlein, H., Mexico the Land of Unrest, 1914, pp. 258-409. 
Barbeb, A. W., The Benevolent Raid of General Lew Wallace. . . . 1914. 
^Burke, U. R., A Life of Benito Juarez, 1894. 
V'Butler, Wm., Mexico in Transition from the Power of Political Romanism to 

Civil and Religious Liberty, 1892. 
'■ Callahan, J. M., The Evolution of Seward's Mexican Policy, 1909. 
■ v , The Mexican Policy of the Southern Leaders in Buchanan's Admin- 
istration. (Amer. Hist. Assoc. Report, 1910, 134-51). 
Chynoweth, W. H., The Fall of Maximilian, 1872. 
Cluseret, Gen. G., Mexico and the Solidarity of Nations, 1866. 
*Duniway C. A., Reasons for the Withdrawal of the French from Mexico. (Amer. 

Hist. Assoc. Report, 1902, 1:315-28). 
*Elton, J. F., With the French in Mexico, 1867. 
^Everett, E., The Monroe Doctrine, 1863. 
*Flint, H. M., Mexico under Maximilian, 1867. 
Frost, John, History of Mexico and its Wars, 1882. 

*Hall, Frederic, The Invasion of Mexico by the French and the Reign of Maxi- 
milian I, 1868. 
*Kendall, J. J., Mexico under Maximilian, 1871. 
Kollonitz, Paula, The Court of Mexico, 1867. 
*Martin, P. F., Maximilian in Mexico; the Story of the French Intervention, 

^ 1861-67, 1914. 

V*Mexico, the United States, and the Monroe Doctrine, n. d. 
*Musser, John, The Establishment of Maximilian's Empire in Mexico, 19 18. 
*Oberholtzee, E. P., A History of the United States since the Civil War, Vol. I, 

1917. , „ ■ . 

Stevenson, Mrs. S. Y., Maximilian in Mexico; a Woman s Reminiscences. 

. . . 1899. 
*Taylor, J. M., Maximilian and Carlota. . . . 1894. 
V*Tweedie, Mrs. A., Porfirio Diaz, Seven Times President of Mexico, 1906. 
*Warren, Clifford, List of President's Messages sent to Congress during 

the period of the French intervention, 1861-67. In M. Romero, Mexico and 

the United States, pp. 7!5- 2 3- 

Periodical literature 
n/ Foster, J. W., The Contest for the Laws of Reform in Mexico. (Amer. Hist. 
Rev., 16:326-46). 

[17] 



Foster, J. W., Maximilian and his Mexican Empire. (Columbia Hist. Soc. 

Records, 191 1, 14:184-204). 
Frazer's Magazine, Dec, 1861, Mexico, by "L," pp. 717-31. 
\ Locke, Chas. E., The Evolution of Freedom in Mexico. (Meth. Rev., 84:430,-49, 

1902). 
Robinson, W. C, The Last Mexican Empire. (Amer. Cath. Quar., 27:541-62, 

1902). 
Wilson, H, L., Buchanan's Proposed Intervention in Mexico. (Amer. Hist. 

Rev., 5:687-701). 
Winton, G. B., The Liberator of Mexico. (Meth. Rev. South., 51:211-19, 1902). 

Books in foreign languages 

Apuntes para la historia de la guerra europea con Mexico, 1867. 
Basch, S., Recuerdos de Mexico; memorias del medico . . : de Maximiliano, 
1870. 
V Bauzet, Ch., La intervencion francesa en Mexico, 1867. 
Bivouacs de Vera Cruz a Mexique, par un zouave, 1865. 
, Blanchot, Ch., Memoires: L' Intervention francaise. . . . 3 v., 191 1. 

Bulnes, F., El verdadero Judrez, 1904. 
> v Castro, J. R., La cuestion mexicana; . . . causas que hacian indispensables 
la intervencion. . . . y . . .la monarquia. . . . 1864. 
Detroyat, P. L., V Intervention francaise au Mexique, 1868. 

v j £ a cour d e R ome e i I'Empereur Maximilien, 1867. 

Domenech, E., Le Mexique, ou les franqais a Mexico, 1864. 
Dommartin, H. du Pasquier, Les £tats-Unis et le Mexique; V inter et europeen 
dans I'Amerique du Nord, 1852. 
< Eliza ga, L., Ensayos politicos. ColecciSn de articulos . . . publicados en di- 
ver sos periodicos. . . . 1867. 

, La corte de Roma y el emperador Maximiliano. . . . 1870. 

Examen critico de la administration del principe Maximiliano . . .en Mexico, 

1867. 
GarcIa, Genaro, Judrez, refutaciSn a . . . Bulnes, 1904. 
Gaulot, Paul, La verite sur V expedition du Mexique, 3 v. 1890. 
Hericault, Ch. de, Maximilien et le Mexique, 1869. 

Iglesias, Calderon F., Las supuestas traiciones de Juarez, 1907. (Refutation of 
Bulnes, El verdadero Juarez). 

, El egoismo norte-americano durante la intervencion francesa, 1903. 

Keratry, Emile, La creance Jecker, les indemnities franqaises et les imprunts 

mexicaines, 1868. 
Lefevre, E., Le Mexique et V Intervention europSene, 1862. 
Liegel, L. A., Kaiser Maximilien von Mexico, 1863. 
Masseras, E., Un essai d' empire au Mexique, 1879. 
K/ Mercier de Lacombe, H., Le Mexique et les E'tats-Unis, 1863. 
v Millot, Cyprien, Question mexicaine, 1867. 
Le Saint, L., La guerre du Mexique, 1861-67, 1867. 

Schmit von Tavera, E. Geschichte der regierung des Kaisers Maximilien I und 
die franzosische intervention ... 2 vols., 1903. 

[18] 



Sierra, Justo, Benito Juarez, su vida, su obra, 1905-1906. 
Los traidores pintados por si mismos. Libro secreto de Maximiliano, 1900. 
Valdes, Manuel, Memorias de la guerra de la reforma, 1913. 
^'Zayas EnrIquez, R., Benito Juarez, su vida, su obra. . . . 1906. 
Zerecero, A. R., Benito Juarez (In his Memorias para la historic de las revoluciones 
en Mexico, 1869. Also published separately, and used by Abbott, as stated 
above). 



SECTION V 
THE PRESIDENCY OF PORFIRIO DlAZ, 1876-1910 

1 

Preliminaries 

Juarez entered Mexico July 15, 1867; reconstruction; Juarez elected presi- 
dent, term ending November 30, 1871; recognizes debt to United States; 
resumes foreign relations. Disorders during his last term; insecurity of 
life and property; re-elected in 1871; his sudden death. Revolution under 
Diaz, hero of Puebla; Plan de la Noria; Lerdo de Tejada president from 
1872 to 1875; he antagonizes Diaz; attempts enforcement of Laws of 
Reform amid revolts in many states; his alleged illegal re-election in 1875 
as cause of Diaz' revolt of January, 1876. The Plan de Tuxtepec, a general 
condemnation of Lerdo in terms applicable to the later period of Diaz 
himself. Lerdo and Iglesias, rival contestants for the presidency, driven 
to United States; Diaz in power. 

2 

Early program of Diaz 

Reorganization of government; constitutional amendments; Dfaz' balance 
of clique against clique; revolt along the border delays American recogni- 
tion; it is obtained in 1877; the Mixed Claims Commission to settle damages; 
the "iron hand" illustrated by the course pursued in the mutiny of Tlaco- 
talpan: "Matelos en caliente." Internal improvements; schools, scientific 
establishments, railroad grants, finance. The presidency of Gonzalez, 
1880-84; its purpose, its venality; the unpopular Stamp Law; the English 
debt; arrangements for the succession. 

3 
The Diaz epoch 

His re-elections in 1888, 1892, 1896, 1900, 1904, 1910. "Nearly unanimous 
elections" in Mexico; utility of the dictatorship because of the scant political 
education or social fitness of the majority of the people, to govern themselves. 
Futility of the dictatorship, always ending in violent transmission of the 
power. Epochal accomplishments of Diaz during the "Golden Age" of 

[19] 



Mexico. They were in: financial reforms, development of industry and 
agriculture, the railroad revolution, prison reforms, military reforms, drain- 
age of the Valley of Mexico, the educational system, adoption of the gold 
standard. In the late period came the nationalization of the railroads, 
and the development of petroleum fields. 

4 
Apogee of the Porfirian dictatorship 

Age and infirmity brought loss of touch with affairs; ascendency of Liman- 
tour; the Centenary of Independence; influence of the Cientificos; their 
beginning as the "Club de los Mayates"; influence of his wife, Dona Car- 
men in favor of the Church and the conservative element; favoritism; 
distribution of the land. "We have more nuts to crack than teeth to crack 
them with". Alienation of the Indian lands. Plans for the succession; 
proposals to send Diaz to Europe; failure of booms for Bernardo Reyes, 
and Limantour; Corral as vice-president and possible successor; his un- 
popularity. The character of the government built up by Diaz: Congress 
a subservient body, members chosen at behest of Diaz, both houses serving 
in relation of personal adherents; Supreme Court without power to establish 
a jurisprudence; its subserviency and venality ; abuse of the writ of am par. 
The Cabinet full of subservient men; contained a few good administrators 
like Limantour, etc. Diaz followed the suggestions of the White House. 
Governors of states, and jefes politicos of districts completed the organized 
corruption of the government, as it existed in the latter years. 

5 

Discontent the fruit of excessive privilege 

The Creelman interview of 1908; it misinformed the American and Mexican 
people alike; false hopes of being allowed to try politics in Mexico; the 
writings of the radicals. Campaign of Francisco Madero and his attacks 
on the continuance of the dictatorship by another re-election in 1910. Tardy 
efforts of Diaz followers to allay the storm by concessions in policy. 

References: 
Books in English 

*Baerlein, Henry, Mexico, the Land of Unrest, 1914. 
V Bancroft, H. H., Biography of Porfirio Diaz, 1887. 
' Bell. E. I., The Political Shame of Mexico, 19 14. 
Butler, Wm., Mexico in Transition from the Power of Political Romanism to 

Civil and Religious Liberty, 1892. 
Carson, W. E., Mexico the Wonderland of the South, 1914 ed. 
Case, A. B., Thirty Years with the Mexicans in Peace and Revolution, 1917. 
x DeKay, John, Dictators of Mexico, 1914. 
Douglas, J., The United States and Mexico, 1910. 
Enock, R., Modern Mexico, 1909. 
•Fish, Carl R., American Diplomacy, 1915. 

[20] 



v *Flandrau, Chas. M., Viva Mexico, 1914. 
^Fornaro, C, Diaz, Czar of Mexico, 1909, 2 eds. 
v *Hannay, David, Diaz, 1917. 

V Hasbrouck, L. S., Mexico from Cortes to Carranza, 1918. 
v Henderson, J. B., American Diplomatic Questions, 1901. 
t Martin, P. F., Mexico of the XX Century, 1907. 
y *Prida, Ramon, From Despotism to Anarchy; . . . Diaz to . . . Huerta, 

1914. 
* Smith, R. W., Benighted Mexico, 1916. 
v Spence, Lewis, Mexico of the Mexicans, 1917. 
k *Trowbridge, E. D., Mexico Today and Tomorrow, 1919. 
* Tweedie, E. B., Mexico as I Saw it, 1901. 

y'- , Porfirio Diaz, Seven Times President of Mexico, 1906. 

v " Moore, John Bassett, American Diplomacy, 1905. 
v Russell, T. H., Mexico in Peace and War, 19 14. 
"'♦Whitney, Caspar, What's the Matter with Mexico? 1916. 
' Winton, G. B., Mexico Today. . . . 19*3- 

Periodical literature 

American and Other Interests in Mexico. (Sci. Amer., 57:23435. Jan. 9, 1904). 
i Andrus, S. G., Men and Affairs in Mexico. (Nat'l Mag., 17=345. 1902). 

j 1 Men and Affairs of Modern Mexico. (Nat'l Mag., 17:485-492, 

617-22, 734-41, Jan.-Mar., 1903; 18:64-70, Apr., 1903). 
v Austin, O. P., Commerce of Mexico and the United States. (Nat. Geog. Mag., 
13:25, Jan., 1902). 
Braschi, V. M., and E. Ordonez, The Mexican Railway System. (Cassier 
22:457, Aug., 1902). 
'Butler, J. W., Religious Forces in Mexico. (Miss. R., 25:195-204, 1902). 
Butler, Mrs. J. W., The Outlook in Mexico. (Miss. R., 25:109-12, 1902). 
v *Creelman, J., President Diaz, Hero of the Americas. (Pearson's, 19:231-77, 

Mar., 1908). The famous Creelman interview, 
v Dawley, T. R., Mexico's New Territory. (Outlook, 72:212-4, 1902). 
v Flower, B. O., Chihuahua, a Bit of Old Mexico. (Arena, 27:624, June 1902). 
\ *Foster, J. W., The New Mexico. (Nat. Geog. Mag., 13:1, Jan., 1902). 

, Porfirio Diaz . . . (Internat. Quar., 8:342-353. Dec. 1903). 

, Pan American Diplomacy. (Atlantic, 89:482-91, 1902). 

From Diaz to Carranza. (Rev. of Revs., 53:196-200, Feb., 1918). 

V Johnston, C, Porfirio Diaz. (No. Am. Rev., 176:115-124, Jan., 1903). 

t Lindsay, C. H. F., Enrique Creel, Mexican Ambassador. (World today, 12: 

832-34, Aug., 1907). 
<^' Lyle, E. P. Jr., American Influence in Mexico. (World's Work, 6:3843-60). 

*Reinsch, Paul, A New Era in Mexico. (Forum, 32:528-38, 1902). 
v *Rowe, L. S., Administrative Centralization in Mexico. (Yale R., 12:231, Nov., 
1903)- 
Books in foreign languages 
Apuntes biogrdficas del C. General Diaz, 1871. 

V [21] 



Bigot, Raoul, Le Mexique moderne, 1909. 
Ceballos, C. B., Aurora y ocaso, 2 v., 1907-12. 
v Cornyn, J. H., Diaz y Mexico, 2v., 1910. 

, Datos biogrdficos del general de division C. Porfirio Diaz, 1884. 
Didapp, J. P., Gobiernos militares de Mexico, 1904. 

, Los Estados Unidos y nuestros conflictos infernos, 19 13. 

, Explotadores politicos de Mexico. Bulnes y el partido Cientifico 

ante el derecho ageno, 1904. 
Escudero, J. N., Apuntes historicos de la car r era militar de . . . Diaz, 1889. 
' Godoy, Jose F., Porfirio Diaz, 1910. 
Gonzalez Blanco, E., Un despota y un libertador, 1916. 
HernAndez, F., Un pueblo, un siglo, y un hombre, 1909. 
' Macedo, P., Tres monografias: La evolucion mercantil; Comunicaciones y Obras 
Publicas: La Hacienda Publica, 1906. 
Madero, F. I., La sucesion presidencial en iqio, 1909. 
Manero, A., iQue es la revolucion. . . .? 1915. 

, Cartas politicas, 1913. 

V-t , El antiguo regimen y la revolucion. . . .1911. 

Maqueo Castellanos, E., Algunos problemas nacionales, 1909. 
1 Moheno, Querido, IHacia donde vamos? 1908. 
v Molina Enriquez, A., Los grandes problemas nacionales, 1909. 

Pani, A., El camino hacia la democracia, 191 8. 
\ Pereyra, C, La doctrina de Monroe; el destino manifiesto y el imperialismo , 1908. 

Prida y Arteaga, F., Le Mexique lei qu'il est aujourd'hui, 1891. 
• Quevedo y Zubieta, S., Porfirio Diaz. (Sept. 1830-Sept., 1865). 

RodrIguez del Castillo, J., Historia de la revolucidn social de Mexico, 1915. 
v Romero, Francisco, Porfirio Diaz, 1880. 
v Santibanez, E., El ejecutivo y su labor politica, 1916. 
Serrano de Wilson, E., Porfirio Diaz. (In Americanos celebres, vol. 2, pp. 

215-41). 
Trejo Lerdo de Tejada, C, La revolucion y el nacionalismo , 1916. 
. Zayas, J., EnrIquez, R., Porfirio Diaz, la evolucion de su vida, 1906. 



SECTION VI 
THE REVOLUTION UNDER MADERO, 1910-13 

1 

The Madero family 

Evaristo Madero, ex-governor of Coahuila; his origin, business interests, 
his faith in private initiative for material development; his sons, Gustavo, 
Ernesto, and Francisco. The traditional relationship of northern Mexico 
to the remainder of the Republic, as shown by this family. 

2 

Francisco Madero the man 

Personal characteristics, mysticism, magnetism, enthusiasm; education at 
the University of California; business affiliations. His opposition to the 

[22} 



continued re-election of Dfaz. "The presidential succession of 19 10", the 
brand that set the Revolution ablaze. His candidacy for the presidency 
considered a mere idealistic dream; his propaganda; Serdan's premature 
revolt at Puebla. Arrest of Madero when it was seen that his campaign 
was growing too powerful. Parole; escape to the United States. Perfect 
plans for armed revolt; contact with radicals. 

3 
The Plan de San Luis de Potosf 

Prologue; it shows the author's egotism; his assumption of authority 
under the Plan. Program for effective suffrage, no re-election, distribution 
of the land. Accession of northern radicals to his cause; the rebellion under 
Orozco against the Terrazas dominion over Chihuahua. Forced resignation 
of Diaz when the revolution grew strong; futile attempts at compromise. 

4 
Provisional presidency of Francisco de la Barra 

His natural sympathy with the old group; his difficult position with Madero 
in actual but not official power; the forces of the revolution near the capital; 
futile attempt to work a coalition government in Mexico. Waning of the 
popularity of Madero after the revolution seemed to have won, caused by 
dissensions among the winners, and by the discord sown by his enemies; 
the elimination of Vazquez Gomez from candidacy for the vice-presidency; 
choice of Pino Suarez; its disastrous effect upon the supporters of Madero. 

5 
Madero as dictator 

His election had been the most popular demonstration ever seen in Mexico; 
he wrecked his chances of success by attempting compromises with the 
conservatives; foolish finance depleted the treasury Diaz left; cabinet 
inharmonious; promise of subdivision of the land only partially carried 
out; it became spoliation of enemies rather than help to the discontented 
proletariat. The revolt of Felix Diaz as a reactionary move; its failure; 
nullity of the character of Felix Diaz. His imprisonment and his rescue 
from the Ciudadela in Mexico City. 



The tragic ten days, February 9-18, 1913 

The treachery of General Victoriano Huerta; his belief that he was the 
"man of iron" Mexico needed; his unhappy personal character, puffed by 
the victories he had won for Madero and the adulation of persons interested 
in reaction. The attempt to rescue Felix Diaz, and the revolt of his associ- 
ates. Death of Bernardo Reyes; its political significance; confinement of 
Madero and Pino Suarez; their resignations, under guarantees, which are 
broken immediately; removal from the National Palace; application of 
the "ley fuga." Alleged foreknowledge of this tragedy by the American 
ambassador. The advance of Huerta to the presidency. Attitude of repre- 
sentatives of foreign powers, following the lead of the American ambassador. 

[23] 



References: 
Books in English 

Academy of Political Science. Proc, Vol. 7, Pt. 2, No. 4, Investments and con 

cessions as causes of international conflicts. (Not directly referring to Mexico). 
Baerlein, Henry, Mexico, the Land of Unrest, 1914. 
*Bell, E. I., The Political Shame of Mexico, 19 14. 
Bulnes, F. f The Whole Truth about Mexico. 
Case, A. B., Thirty Years with the Mexicans. 
*Fish, C. R., American Diplomacy. 
Fyfe, H. H., The Real Mexico. 

• Reed, John, Insurgent Mexico, 1914. 

\ Starr, F., Mexico and the United States, 1914. 

v Trowbridge, E. D., Mexico Today and Tomorrow, 1919. 

Tweedie, E. B., Mexico as I Saw It. 

♦Whitney, C, What's the Matter with Mexico? 

Periodical literature 

American Capital in Mexico, (Current Opin., 54:328, Apr., 1913). 
American Exodus from Mexico, (Lit. Dig., 47:405, Sept., 1913). 
American Interest in Mexico, (World's Work, 21:13949, Feb., 191 1). 
American Invasion of Mexico, (Harper's Weekly, 53:34. Dec, 18, 1909). 

* Anti-American Riots in Mexico, (Indep., 69:1061, Nov., 17, 1910). 

' Archer, W., Collapse of the Diaz Legend, (McClure's, 27:395, Aug., 191 1). 
v Avowal of Mexican Hostility, (Lit. Dig., 45:508, Sept. 28, 1912). 
11 Bonsal, S., Mexico after Diaz, (No. Amer. R., 194:383, Sept., 191 1). 
Conference on Relations between the United States and Mexico, (American Hist. 

Rev., I9:474)- 
Jones, C. K., Bibliography of the Mexican Revolution, (Hisp. Amer. Hist. Rev., 

2:2, May, 1919). 
Lewis, A. H., Maligners of Mexico, (Cosmop., 48:432a, Mar., 1910). 
♦McLaren, A. D., The Tragic Ten Days of Madero, (Scrib., 55:97, Jan., 1914). 
Nordhoff, C. B., The Human side of Mexico, (Atlantic, Dec, 1919). 
*Ogg, F. A., Mexico from Diaz to Carranza, (Munsey's, Jan., 1920). 
- Priestley, H. I., Mexican Literature on the Recent Revolution, (Hisp. Amer. 
Hist. Rev., 2:2, pp. 286-311). 
*Rowe, L. S., The Mexican Revolution, its Causes and Consequences, (Pol. Sci. 
Quar., 27:281, June, 1912). 
JStarr, F., Mexico in Revolution, (World Today, 20:729, June, 1911). 
» Stevens, C, Industrial Mexico, (Cosmop., 48:731, May, 1910). 

Whitaker, H., Mexico and her Common Men, (Sunset, 26:217, Feb., 1911). 

Books in foreign languages 

Aguilar, R., Madero sin mascara, 191 1. 
Arag6n, A., El desarme del ejercito federal. . . . 1915. 
• DIaz, C. F., Genesis de la revolucion mexicana, 1918. 
Estrada, R., La revolucion y Francisco I. Madero. 
Fernandez Rojas, J. f De Porfirio Diaz a Victoriano Huerta, 1913. 

[24] 



Figueeoa Domenech, J., Veinte meses de anarquia, 2a parte, 1913. 

GonzAlez, A. P., and J. Figueroa Domenech, La revolution. . . . 191 1. 
v Gonzalez Blanco, P., De Porfirio Diaz a Carranza, 1916. 
k Lara Pardo, L., De Porfirio Diaz a Francisco Madero. . . . 1912. 

Le6n, N., Compendio de la historia de Mexico, 1919, ed. 
^Madero, F. I., La sucesion presidential en 1910, 1909. 
1 Marques Sterling, M., Los ultimos dias de . . . Madero, 1917. 

Ponce de Leon, G., El interinato presidential de ipn, 1912. 
v'Rodriguez del Castillo, J., Historia de la revolution social. . . . 1915. 

SECTION VII 

HUERTA AND THE UNITED STATES, FEBRUARY 19, 1913- 

JULY 15, 1914 

1 

The presidency of Huerta 

His seizure of power ratified by a terrified Congress; G. Madero murdered 
February 19, 1913; F. I. Madero and Pino Suarez suffer under the "ley 
fuga", February 22. Huerta denied complicity. The revolutionary leaders 
Orozco and Vazquez Gomez submit, on invitation from Huerta, but Ve- 
nustiano Carranza in Coahuila raised revolt, though he is alleged to have 
been about to break with Madero. The Constitutionalist movement; 
many revolutionists executed by Huerta leaders; cruelty of the war. Serious 
disorders throughout the country. Huerta failed to win recognition from 
the United States or the ABC Powers; other nations, which had supported 
him, withdrew approval. Mexican Congress, containing many Constitu- 
tionalist sympathizers, antagonized Huerta's financial program; critics 
attacked his seizure of power; murder of Senator Dominguez; arrest of 
no deputies, October 10. Huerta declared himself temporary dictator 
October n. Executive absorption of legislative and judicial functions, a 
negation of republican government. Farcical election October 26, rejected 
by Mexican Congress, but Huerta asked to continue until real election 
could be held. Huerta was unable to quell insurrection in north, or protect 
foreign lives. Expulsion of Spaniards by Villa. The Tampico incident of 
the Dolphin's boat; demand for reparation by Wilson led to refusal of full 
compliance by Huerta. Incident of the Ypiranga and seizure of Vera Cruz; 
advance of Constitutionalists; quarrel between Carranza and Villa over 
attitude toward Americans. Surrender of Vera Cruz to Carranza. His 
occupation of Mexico City September 4, Huerta having resigned and left 
Mexico July 15. Alternation of power among the revolutionary bands of 
Mexico. Precarious condition of foreigners; bad state of country. 

2 
Attitude of United States 

President Wilson's declaration, March 11, 1913, of friendly attitude toward 
Spanish America; end of "Dollar Diplomacy." Attitude of H. L. Wilson 
toward the Huerta coup. Increase of American troops at the border. 

[25] 



Aid to rebels caused Huerta to complain. Announcement by President 
Wilson that Huerta would never be recognized; nor would any government 
established by intrigue and assassination. A new feature in recognition as 
practised by United States; an inquiry into constitutional status of foreign 
power. It led to other acts of similar intervention. Huerta refused to 
permit interference; the duel for recognition. Lind, Wilson's personal 
representative, went to Mexico in August, to eliminate Huerta as candidate 
for election. Erroneous basis of his plea; its failure. Terms of Wilson's 
demands show essential Tightness of American attitude, but departure from 
policy of previous years, of dubious value. Necessary intervention to 
provide aid to Huerta's enemies. United States advised citizens again to 
withdraw from Mexico, and announced policy of "watchful waiting", in- 
tended to eliminate Huerta. Financial boycott and aid to Carranza as 
weapons against him. Bryan demands punishment of crimes against 
Americans. Murder of Benton, Englishman, in Villa territory. Wilson's 
policy criticised in United States Senate; intervention urged. Relations 
broken on seizure of Vera Cruz. Intervention of A B C Powers; and of 
other American states; lead of United States followed. Conference at 
Niagara Falls; its elimination of Huerta. His attempts within United 
States to foment armed movements in Mexico. His arrest, his release, 
and subsequent death in Texas in 1916. 

References: 

Books in English 

Bulnes, F., The Whole Truth about Mexico. 

Calero, Manuel, The Mexican Policy of President Wilson as it Appears to a 

Mexican, 191 6. 
DeKay, J., Dictators of Mexico. 

Moore, J. B., The Principles of American Diplomacy, 1918. 
O'Shaughnessy, Edith, A Diplomat's Wife in Mexico, 1916. 

, Diplomatic Days, 191 7. 

Zayas EnrIquez, R., de, The Case of Mexico, 19 14. 

Periodical literature 

The ABC Offer of Mediation, (Independent, 78:183, May 4, 1914). 

Active Intervention in Mexico, (Current Opinion, 54:274, Apr., 1913). 

American Intervention . . . a Poll of the European Press, (Outlook, 107:17, 
May 2, 1914). 

Anarchy in Mexico; Is There a Way Out? (Outlook, 106:621, Mar. 21, 1914). 

Argentine's Sympathy with Mexico, (Lit. Dig., 47:1218, Dec. 20, 1913). 

Barker, J. E., America's Foreign Policy and the Mexican Imbroglio, (Nine- 
teenth Cent., 75:1050, May, 1914). Same, Living Age, 28:579. 

Baty, T., The Mexican Question, (Contemporary Rev., 105:465, Apr., 1914). 

Big Business behind the Mexican Muddle, (Lit. Dig., 47:935, Nov. 15, 1913). 

Foster, J. W., The Case against Intervention, (Indep., 77:440, March 30, 1914). 

France's Stake in the Mexican Trouble — Appeal by Frenchmen in Mexico to the 
European Powers, (Nation, 98:290, March 19, 1914). 

I26I 



Crowing Admiration in America for Huerta, (Cur. Opin., 57:19, July, 1914). 
v Harvey, G., The President and Mexico, (N. Amer., 198:737, Dec, 1913). 
'• Hueffer, O. M., Huerta the Man, (Nation, 98:752, June 25, 1914). 

Lending Huerta Money, (Lit. Dig., 46:1318, June 14, 1913). 
v The Lind-Gamboa Notes, (Review of Reviews, 48:412, Oct., 1913). 
i, Lowry, E. G., What the President is Trying to do for Mexico, (World Work, 

27:261, Jan., 1914). 
' Mediation at Niagara Falls and After, (Rev. of Revs., 50:33, July, 1914). 
Murray, R. H., Huerta and the Two Wilsons, (Harper's Weekly, 60:301, 341, 
264, 402, 434, 466, Mar. 25-Apr., 29, 1916). 
"Priestley, H. I., Relations between the United States and Mexico since 1910, 
(Univ. California Chronicle, 21:1, Jan., 1920). 
Spanish Interests in Mexico, (Lit. Dig., 48:424, Feb. 28, 1914). 
'Warwick, A. W. Can the Mexican Progress? (Forum, 51:38, Jan., 1914). 

Books in foreign languages 

Calero, Manuel, Un decenio de politica mexicana, 1920. 

De como vino Huerta y como sefue, 1914. 
vEnriquez, A., Dictadura presidencial o parliamentarismo democrdtico, 1913. 

Mallen, F., Los Estados Unidos del Norte y las republicas del sur, 1914. 

Nunez de Prado, G., Revolucion de Mexico; la decena trdgica, 1913. 

-Taelada, J. J., La defensa social, 1913. 
,, Zayas EnrIquez, R., de El caso de Mexico y la politica del Presidente Wilson, 1914. 



SECTION VIII 

THE GOVERNMENT OF CARRANZA, JULY 15, 1914— 

MAY 5, 1920 

1 

Recognition of Carranza 

Political and military campaigns of the "First Chief." Recognition as 
de facto president, after parleys by Wilson's agents with Villa. Disastrous 
result of this on spirit of Villa. Santa Isabel massacre; Columbus raid; 
Pershing expedition; its futility. Defeat of Villa. Election of Carranza; 
his recognition as de jure president. Radical element in Carranza party; 
the policy of economic independence for Mexico. Anti-clericalism; anti- 
foreign sentiment; opposition to great land-holdings. Danger to foreigners; 
their frequent murder. Americans numerous among casualties. 

2 

Influence of the new army 

Tradition of the old army; its disorganization under Madero; Carranza's 
new organization; causes for its creation; his dependence upon it; his 
avowed civilianism. Jealousies of the generals. Their outrages upon 
Mexicans and foreigners. Their espousal of the German cause in the World 

[27] 



War. Desultory campaigns against bandits, in the north against Villa, 
in the south against Zapata, etc. Army preys upon agriculture and com- 
merce. Its control of the railways. Venality of the army, of the railway 
and other civil administrative offices. 

3 

The Constitution of 19 17 

Socialistic influence in the Queretaro Convention. Anti-foreign legislation, 
articles 27 and 33. American influence at the Convention. Expansion of 
idea of eminent domain in control of natural resources; application to 
land problem and petroleum operations. The revolution as a rise of the 
proletariat; leading part by those who had profited by industrialization 
under American infiltration. American socialist agitators. The Constitu- 
tion as viewed by American jurisconsults; by the American Government. 

4 
The internal policy of Carranza 

A dictatorship; opposed by business interests, domestic and foreign. Rule 
by decrees; "Pre-constitutional period". Futility of Congress; its opposi- 
tion to Carranza. Control of state governments. Interference with state 
elections. Failure of the "free municipality" of the revolution, as instanced 
in Mexico City. Neglect of popular education; its relegation to the care 
of the states. Problems of finance; depletion of the banks; their "contri- 
butions" to the revolution; paper money; depreciation; ruin of credit; 
adoption of gold currency only; proposals for banking rehabilitation, still 
pending at close of 1920. The railway policy. Failure to secure loans; 
depletion of railway rolling stock; peculation of high officers in its admin- 
istration. Hunger in Mexico; attitude toward Red Cross help; toward 
surveys of conditions. 

5 
Foreign policy of Carranza 

Intransigeant attitude toward the United States; view of Mexico as guardian 
of Hispano- American frontier; influence of Luis Cabrera, Aguirre Berlanga, 
Aguilar, and the cabinet as a whole. Plea for embargo on supplies to 
Europe. Zimmerman note. Attitude toward protection of American lives. 
Attitude toward protests in petroleum controversy. Correspondence on 
Pershing expedition. Attempt to align South America with Mexico. The 
United States Senate investigation of Mexico. United States press on 
Mexico during 1919-May 1920. Attitude since that time. Causes. 

6 

The presidential succession in 1920 

Carranza's repeated announcements that he would not succeed himself; 
candidacies of Obregon, Gonzalez, Bonillas. Alleged attempts to control 
election, elimination of military candidates. Jealousies of the latter. 
Obregon, military hero of Celaya and Leon, wins business backing, foreign 
and native. Attempt of Carranza to control Sonora state; revolt; success 

[28] 



of movement, due to economic superiority. Epic flight of Carranza; his 
sang froid. His needless death. His worthy traits. De la Huerta as Pro- 
visional President. Change of attitude of radicals after assumption of 
power. Election of Obregon. Recognition of Mexico. 

References: 
Books in English 

Ackerman, Carl W., Mexico's Dilemma, 1918. 
Bancroft, fi. H., The History of Mexico, 19 14 ed. 
». Barron, C. W., The Mexican Problem, 1917. 
4 de Bekker, L. J., The Plot against Mexico, 1919. 
N Blasco Ibanez, V., Mexico in Revolution, 1920. 
i Chamberlain, G. A., Is Mexico Worth Saving? 1920. 

, Not All the King's Horses, (fiction). 

\j Fornaro, C, Carranza and Mexico, 191 5. 
v Garza, E., de la, Mexico and the War, 191 7. 
;• Gibbon, Thos. E., Mexico under Carranza, 1919. 
^ Goodrich, The Coming Mexico, 1913. 
v Hagar, G. J., Plain facts about Mexico, 1916. 

Hasbrouck, L. S., Mexico from Cortes to Carranza, 1918. 
. Inman, S. G., Intervention in Mexico, 1919. 
JKidd, Benjamin, The Control of the Tropics, 1898. 
\ Latane, United States and Latin America, 1920. 
jMiddleton, P. H., Industrial Mexico, 1919. 
v Morris, H., Our Mexican Muddle, 1916. 
V Pinochet, Tancredo, The Gulf of Misunderstanding, 1920. 
J Russell, T. H., Mexico in Peace and War, 1914. 

Smith, R. W., Benighted Mexico, 1916. (Chronology, pp. 383-90). 
"J Spence, L., Mexico of the Mexicans, 1917. 
Stoddard, Lothrop, The Rising Tide of Color, 1920. 
Trowbridge, E. D., Mexico Today and Tomorrow, 191 8. 
Tweedie, E. B., Mexico as I Saw It, 1901. 
nVera Estanol, Jorge, Carranza and his Bolshevik Regime, 1920. 
-j Young, Chas., The Two Republics; International Relations, 191 6. 
.^Zayas Enriquez, R. de, The Case of Mexico. 

Periodical literature 

'/America as a Mandatory for Mexico, (Philippine Rev., Dec, 1919). 
^American Business Asked to Help Mexico Help Herself, (Pan Pac. Dec, 1919)- 
v Arnold, J. W. f An American Banker in Mexico, (Financier, Mar. 15, 1920). 
1 Austin, M., Mexico for the Mexicans, (World Outl., 2:6, Dec, 1916). 

. Wanted, a New Method in Mexico, (Nation, Feb. 21, 1920). 

Barrows, D. P., The Dove in the Bullring. The Quest for a Leader Who Will 

Give Mexico Peace, (Sunset, 35:857, Nov., 1915)- 
de Bekeer, L. J., An Interview with President Carranza, (Nation, Aug. 23, 1919)- 
\ /Bell, E. P., Intervention and Other Mexican Problems, (Journal of International 
Relations, Oct., 1919). 

I29] 



Bonillas, Y., What Mexico is Striving for, (Forum, Oct.-Nov., 1919). 
Castillero, Jose, The American Senate, Mexico, and the Treaty of Peace, (Out- 
look, Dec, 1919). 
Chamberlain, G. A., Carranza, (Collier's, Feb. 2, 1920). 

, Government by Banditry, (Collier's, Mar. 27, 1920). 

Colonel Roosevelt on Our Responsibility in Mexico, (Rev. of Rev., 51:24, 

Feb., 1915). . 
Constantine, A., Another Picture of Mexico, (Outlook, Sept. 10, 1917). 
Elser, F. B., General Pershing's Mexican Campaign, (Century, Feb., 1920). 
v Financial Aid for Carranza, (New Repub., 7:265, July, 1916). 
1 For a Pan American Labor Movement, (Survey, 36:402, July 15, 1916). 
Ford, H., Training Mexicans in American Methods, (S. American, May, 1919). 
<Fornaro, C, The Great Mexican Revolution, (Forum, 54:532, Nov., 1915). 
Franck, H. A., Working in a Mexican Mine, (Century, 92:673, Sept., 1916). 
A Friendly View of Carranza, (Lit. Dig., Oct. 25, 1919). 
From Diaz to Carranza, (Rev. of Revs., 53:196, Feb., 1916). 
Gates, Wm., The Four Governments of Mexico, (World's Work, Feb., Mar., 
April, 19 19). 

, Mexico Today, (N. Amer. Rev., Jan., 1919). 

, A Solution of the Mexican Imbroglio, (Forum, Oct.-Nov., 1919). 

Hudspeth, Hon. C, A Miltary Protectorate for Mexico, (Forum, Oct.-Nov., 

1919). 
Hunger in Mexico, (World's Work, 30:388, Aug., 1915). 
Laut, A., Mexico the Unsolved Problem, (Rev. of Revs., Sept., 1919). 
Lawrence, D., Mexico's Game, (Sat. Eve. Post., March 23, 1918). 
MacDonald, J. G., Mr. Taft on Mexico, (Evening Post, N. Y., Dec. 1919). 
MacAdam, G., Life of Gen. Pershing, (the punitive expedition into Mexico), 

(World's Work, June, 1919). 
Mandujano, G., The Mexican Revolution, (Pan Amer. Mag., May, 1920). 
Marshall, E., Why Not Help Mexico, (Rev. of Revs., Oct., 1919). 
■' Marvin, G., Invasion or Intervention, (World's Work, 32:40, May, 1916). 
McCaleb, W. F., The Press in Mexico, (Hisp. Amer. Hist. Rev., Aug., 1920). 
Mexican Orders Furnish Proof of Returning Prosperity, (Pan Pac, Dec, 1919). 
Mexican Electric Light Gold Bonds, (S. Amer. Journal, Jan. 10, 1920). 
Mexican Labor Conference at Washington, (Survey, 36:382, July 8, 1916). 
^Mexican-American Friendship, (Pan Amer. Mag., Aug., 1919). 
^The Mexican Question, (South Amer. Journal, July 21, 1919). 
'Mexico and the United States, (Pan Amer. Mag., 27:34, May, 1918). 
Mexico and Watchful Waiting, (Rev. of Revs., 58:269, Sept., 1915). 
Mexico Through Mexican Glasses, (Lit. Dig., Jan. 31, 1920). 
Mexico, Its Political Situation, Its Resources, and Its Military Strength, (Sci. 

Amer., 114:450, Apr. 29, 1916). 
Mexico ante Blasco Ibanez, (La Tribuna, N. Y., June 19, 1920). 
Mexico in the English Press, (Mexican Rev., Nov., 19 19). 
1 Mexico's Lively Bandits and Sleepy Federal troops, (Lit. Dig., Dec. 13, 1919). 
Mexican Review, printed at Washington and Mexico, during Carranza's tenure 
and after, contains much of interest from government point of view. 

[30] 



*-- MooRS, r J. F.,' Shall we Intervene in Mexico, (League of Free Nations Leaflet, 
No. ii, 9-22-19). 
Murray, J., Behind the Drums of Revolution; the Labor Movement in Mexico, 
(Survey, 37:237, Dec, 2, 1916). 
[ Platt, R. H., What Kind of Intervention for Mexico; Failure of Carranza and 
of the Mexican Policy, (World's Work, Feb., 1910). 
Priestley, H. I., The Carranza Debdcle, (Univ. Cal. Chronicle, 22:3, July, 1920). 
The Plot against Carranza, (The Review, May 22, 1920). Charges our radical 
press with misrepresentation of Mexico. 
Is A Picture of Mexico; the Problem of the Eleven Million Farthest Down, (World's 

Work, 26:513, Sept., 1913). 
'•''Robinson, A. G., Mexico's Economic Resources, (Rev. of Revs., May, 1914). 
j,S^epherd, Wm. R., Armed Intervention in Mexico a Mistake, (S. Amer. Journal, 

April, 19 19). 
.^.Slayden, J. L., All-American Intervention in Mexico, (Indep., June 14, 1915). 

Books in foreign languages 

I Aguirre Berlanga, A., Revolucion y reforma. Libro primer 0. Genesis legal de 

la revolucion constitucionalista, 19 18. (Contains decrees). 
i Anuario constitucionalista, 19 16. 

La caida de Carranza, 1920. 
I Decretos y demds disposiciones del ejercito constitucionalista, Febrero 19 de 191 3 

a Abril^o de 1914, 1914. 
: FernAndez Rojas, J., and R. L. Melgarejo, Hombres y hechos del constitu- 
cionalismo, 1916. 
Gaxiola, J., Lafrontera de la raza, 1917. 

GonzAlez Blanco, E., Carranza y la revolucion de Mexico, 1916. 
Gonzalez Blanco, A., Un despota y un libertador, 1916. 
'. GuzmAn, M. L., La querella de Mexico, 1915. 
Le6n, N., Compendio de la historia de Mexico, 1919. 
Manero, A., Mexico y la solidaridad americana. La doctrina Carranza. 
Mexico revolucionario. A los pueblos de Europa y America, 1910-1918. Coleccion 

de documentos relativos a las ultimas revoluciones mexicanas, 19 19. 
Palavicini, F. F., El primer jefe, 1915. 
>» Rebolledo, Manuel, Mexico y Estados Unidos, 1917. 

\<La revolucion constitucionalista, los Estados Unidos y el A B C. Recopilacion 
/ de documentos. . . .1916. 
/ Rivera de la Torre, A., Paralelismo de hombres y caracteres; Juarez — Car- 
ranza, 19 1 8. 

SECTION IX 

THE PETROLEUM CONTROVERSY 

1 

Development of oil in Mexico 

Projects for oil development under Maximilian; small development; con- 
cessions lapsed; chapopote of Aztecs long known to Spaniards; asphalt; 

l3i] 



first commercial development of consequence by Americans, Doheny and 
Canfield. Output in 1901, 10,345 barrels; in 1917, 55,292,770 barrels; 
later increase, and possible production, 250 million barrels or more; limited 
by shipping. Chief operations in Tampico and Tuxpan regions; Americans 
bought land there at 60 cents per acre and up, then thought too high. Con- 
cessions included free importation of machinery and exemption from taxes 
for a term of years. The Mexican Petroleum Co. Advent of the British, 
Dutch, Waters-Pierce, Standard Oil, and Southern Pacific developments. 
Investments, 300 millions, 200 million being American. Revenue to Mexican 
Government, around $10,000,000 per annum; more than from mining. 



Mexican reaction to foreign exploitation 

Pique at foreign success, due to non-participation, and to inertia. The 
revolution a manifestation of dislike for foreigners. Efforts by Constitu- 
tionalists to recover control of natural resources. Adoption of the Con- 
stitution of 1917. Anti-foreign enactments of articles 27, 33; the relation- 
ship of articles 14, 49, to petroleum. Theory of eminent domain, and pre- 
scriptive right of nation in soil and subsoil, as accorded under the old Spanish 
legislation. Old Constitution, of 1857, gave control of national lands :to 
States; taken over by nation, 1883. Code of 1884 gave oil to owner of 
surface; this principle reaffirmed in 1892, making payment of taxes the 
basis of tenure of right in mining property, instead of actual workings. 
Mining code, 1909, adheres to same principle. Constitution of 1917 makes 
petroleum inalienable by nation; foreigners must agree to work as Mexican 
corporations, and forego appeal to their own governments through diplo- 
matic channels. They may not hold land not operated. Carranza decrees, 
February 19, 19 18, but 5 per cent royalty on output, 5 pesos per hectare 
tax, and steeply graduated tax on rent paid under leases. Also required 
filing statement of holdings inside three months; lands not so registered 
to be open to claims by others. Holders retained prior right only three 
months. Companies deem this an indication of intention to confiscate their 
properties. 

3 
Relations with the United States 

Protest, April 2, 1918, against confiscation, joined in by England, France, 
Holland. Mexican Government extended time for filing manifestaciones 
on July 1 and 31, until August 15. Decree, August 8, demanded holders 
of land file claims for concessions within three months or lose claims; other 
details to enforce compliance. Legislation concedes to operators first right 
to the concessions, but does not give same right as ownership. Decree, 
November 23, 1918, carries out principle of government ownership; gives 
rights to claims filed prior to May I, 1917. Drilling resumed January, 
1920; Congress had failed to pass remedial legislation. Present attitude 
looking toward compromise; party of proponents of national ownership 
still numerous. Taxation problem, involving continually rising scale of 
assessment of tax, is apart from question of title under contract or national- 

[32] 



ization. Free period not yet expired under old contracts; taxation begun 
by Madero; increased by Carranza. Demand by American operators that 
all Carranza decrees be abolished as unconstitutional. The question vital 
to both United States and Mexico; involves conflict of laws and as such 
is a matter for arbitration by jurisconsults familiar with both Roman and 
English law. Complicated by instability of Mexican Government, and by 
unfortunate controversy of the past. 

References: 
Books in English 

Barron, C. W., The Mexican Problem, 1917. 
de Bekker, L. J., The Plot Against Mexico, 1919. 
Middleton, P. H., Industrial Mexico, 1919. 
Trowbridge, E. D., Mexico Today and Tomorrow, 1918. 

Periodical literature on the Constitution of 1917 

V Amendments to Article 27, (Mexican Review, Dec, 1919). 
1 Article 27, (Same, November, 1919). 

. Burges, W. H., A Comparative Study of the Constitution of the United States 
of Mexico and that of the United States of America, (American Law Rev., 
39:711-726, 1905). 
Burges, W. H., A Hot-House Constitution; the Mexican Constitution of 1917, 
(American Law Rev. A paper presented at the meeting of the American Bar 
Association, 1917). 
Chamberlain, J. P., Property Rights in Mexico, (Pol. Sci. Quar., Sept., 1917). 
,. Constantine, A., The New Mexican Constitution and Reform, (Outlook, 115:455, 

March 14, 1917). « 

. Elimination of Religion and Education from Mexico, (Independent, 89:526, 

March 26, 1917). 
* Gallant, B., Mexico's Constituent Congress, (Rev. of Revs., 55:182, Feb., 1917). 
*■■ Huberich, C. H., Mexican Nationality and Citizenship Under the Constitution 
of 1917, (International Law Notes, Dec, 1919). 
The Mexican Constitution Compared with the Constitution of 1857, (Ann. Amer. 
Acad., 71, Supl. 116, May, 1917). 

Periodical literature on Petroleum 

Aiding Petroleum Development, (Mexican Review, Feb., 1920). See this peri- 
odical throughout for statements of Mexican position. 
Barnes, J. K., American Oil Argonauts, (World's Work, 40:256-67, July, 1920). 
Basch, L., Mexico Making Progress, (Pan Pac, Sept., 1919). 
Blakiston, A. T., Our Future Oil Supply, (Sci. Amer., 123:102, July 31, 1920). 
Boletin de petroleo, Mexico, Sria de Industria. Vol. 10 began July, 1920. Entire 
x series valuable for Mexican position, and legislation. 
i/*Chamberlain, J'. P., The Mexican Oil Situation, (Nation, 108:66, Jan. 11, 1919). 
^Gordon, F. G. R., Socialism in Mexico, (Protectionist, Boston, Mar., 1920). 
v Harvey, L. A., The Oil Fields of Mexico, (Pan Amer. Mag., 29:249-56, Sept., 
1920). 

l33l 



The Honesty of Mexico, (South Amer. Journal, Jan. 17, 1920). 
Howe, Wm, W., Roman and Civil Law in America, (Harvard L. Rev., 16:342- 
56, Mar., 1903). 
I The Importance of the Mexican Oil Fields to the United Stales, (Current Opin., 
68:111-2, Jan., 1920). 
Laut, A. C.| Oil: Should it be Nationalized? (Forum, 63:325-36, Mar., 1920). 
v Mexican and Colombian Oil Laws, (Pan Amer. Mag., 30:218-20, Feb., 1920). 

Mexican Oil and Oil Laws, (Pan Amer. Mag., Dec, 1918). 
v The Mexican Oil Situation Approaches a Crisis, (Mining and Oil Bulletin, 5:15- 
17, Dec, 2i, 1918). 
The Mexican Position, (South Amer. Journal, Jan., 10, 1920). 
The Mexican Question, (South Amer. Journal, July 26, 1919). 
' Middleton, J., Mexico, the Land of Concessions; the Dramatic Story of Mexico's 

Mines and Oil, (World's Work, 27:289, Jan., 1914). 
' Oil and Intervention in Mexico, (Nation, 108:2806, Apr., 12, 1919). 
v Survey of the Existing Oil Situation in Mexico, (Econ. World, n.s. 16:549-51, 

Oct. 19, 1918, and Oct. 5, 1918). 
... Wetherell, Lucille, The Case of Mexico, (Forum Oct.-Nov., 1919). 



SECTION X 
THE PROBLEM OF THE LAND 



Disposal of the land during the Conquest 

Lands considered as property of king; bestowed on conquerors for services; 
lands of Indians not respected; certain towns, and property of certain 
Indian lords, respected; confusion in status of property because of lack of 
system; indifference of Spanish settlers to Spanish laws protecting Indian 
rights. Establishment of encomiendas, erection of towns, grants of farms 
a league square, and large semi-feudal grants to great conquerors. En- 
croachment of the Church, by means of extended grants, by pious gifts, 
and by mortgages. By the time of independence the Church possessed 
half the realm, if not more. 

2 

Status of the land at independence 

Property not clearly defined in the first constitution; assumption of control 
over public lands by the states. Resumption of control by the national 
government. Attempts at colonization; grants to soldiers as pay for ser- 
vices. Continued existence of Church property and of large lay estates, 
together with Indian communal villages, the latter usually controlling a 
league square or over. 

3 
The Laws of the Reform 

After the growth of a group of native Liberals in politics, attempt was 
made to remove the Church from domination over property and civil rights, 

[34] 



by legislation known as the Laws of the Reform. Influence of Benito Juarez 
in this program; his associates. Laws provided for nationalization of the 
estates of the Church. In fact, the legislation failed, as it turned large 
estates over to laymen, instead of breaking estates up; also injured Indians 
by putting their communal holdings on sale; they sold property for a song. 
Efforts to establish small farming; successful only in areas of easy irriga- 
tion; dry-farming precarious in Mexico. Need for irrigation. The Laws 
of the Reform under the presidency of Lerdo de Tejada, 1874-5-6. 

4 
Land grants under Diaz 

Diaz made huge grants, for development ; iniquity of the system of the Com- 
panias Deslindadoras, which received y?, of wild lands discovered, for making 
surveys; dishonesty, and uncertainty. Compare our own magnificence in 
early western land grants ; spurious colonization ; effort to settle the country 
failure because of lack of sincere intention of colonizing companies, or be- 
cause of disturbed conditions. Indian properties violated to fulfill contracts 
with foreign or favorite grantees. Fault of the system in its abuse, oppor- 
tunity for dishonesty; ideal was good; impracticability of the process. 

5 
The revolutionary theory 

The revolution initiated, like most of them, in Mexico, for reasons con- 
nected with land. Masses discontented at bestowals on aliens and favorites; 
promises of distribution made; influence of anti-foreign propaganda. Con- 
fiscation of many estates; it followed political lines. Confiscations often 
followed by cessation of production. Slight advance made in subdivision 
of property, or in return of common lands to Indian towns. Late acts of 
Carranza brought about restorations of some large estates, as the Terrazas 
estates in Chihuahua; present government following same policy. The 
attitude of small holders, in Morelos; destruction of large properties there. 
The futility of the communal idea for advancement. Tenacity of Indians 
for their soil. Need of respect for unwritten aboriginal titles. Need of 
intensification of agriculture in Mexico. 

6 

Correlative problems 

First need, suitable irrigation; this a great expense in Mexico, need of large 
investment in it. Hence, need of suitable fiscal system, land credits. Rapid 
repayment of investments when crops succeed. Other problems: agricul- 
tural education, civic education; need for raising standard of living. Need 
of perfection of ways of communication, for marketing. Titulation in bad 
state, due to frequent changes in laws. 

References: 
Books in English 

[Note. There is no satisfactory statement of the land problem in Mexico in English. The most 
available book, Bulnes' "The Whole Truth," is an extreme statement of the conservative position; 
it is answered by Gonzalez Roa. Both should be read with reservations.] 

[35] 



Alvarado, S., The Agrarian Law of Yucatan. . . 191 5. 

Bulnes, F., The Whole Truth About Mexico, (Chapter on "The Agrarian Question"). 

Burke, U. R., The Life of Benito Judrez, (Nationalization laws). 

Cabrera, L., The Mexican Situation from a Mexican Point of View, 1913. 

, The Religious Question in Mexico, (Contains translation of the Laws 

of Reform of Dec, 14, 1874). 
Chamberlain, J. P., Property Rights under the New Mexican Constitution, (Pol. 

Sci. Quarterly, 32, No. 3, Sept., 191 7). 
1 Foreigners Hold Vast Areas, (Mexican Rev., Feb., 1920). 
El general Alvarado habla a la nacion de su labor como gobernante, (N. Y. f 1917; 

English and Spanish texts). 
Gonzalez Roa, F., The Mexican People and their Detractors, 1916. 
^Martin, P. A., Four Years of Socialistic Government in Yucatan. Journal of 

Internat. Rels., October, 1919. 
Mexico, Secretaria de Gobemacion, Bill on constitutional amendments, 191 8. 
Reynolds, Matthew G., Spanish and Mexican Land Laws, 1895. (Useful 

on origin of titles, and decisions on land cases in the Western States going 

back to the Spanish occupation). 
Rolland, M., The Agrarian Question and Practical Means of Solving the Problem, 

[1914]- 

v , A Reconstructive Policy in Mexico, [1916]. (A socialistic statement 

and proffered solution). 

Books in foreign languages 

I lAdonde vamos? Las cinco hermanas: problema agrario, ley de hacienda, ley 
catastral, ley de trabajo, municipio libre, n. d. (Contains the Lerdo law, June 
25, 1856, and Alvarado's agrarian law for Yucatan). 
' Almonte, J. N., Proyectos de leyes sobre colonizacion, 1852. 
Alvarado, Salvador, La reconstruccion de Mexico, 1918. 
• Anasagasti, V. de, Mexico reconquista sus libertades, 1918. 
\ Breves apuntes acerca de la administracion del general Salvador Alvarado como 

gobernador de Yucatan. . . . 19 16. 
v Esquivel Obregon, T., Influencia de Espana y Estados TJnidos sobre Mexico, 
1918. 
Fernandez, J. D., Mexico, politica experimental, 1919. 

Gonzalez Roa, F., and J. Covarrubias, El problema rural de Mexico, 1917. 
Las leyes federates vigentes sobre tierras, 1910. (Valuable historical resume by 

Lie. Moreno Cora). 
Maqueo Castellanos, E., Algunos problemas nacionales, 1909. 
• Molina EnrIquez, A., Los grandes problemas nacionales, 1909. 
Orozco, Wistano, Legislacion y jurisprudencia sobre terrenos baldios, 2 v., 1895. 
Peust, Otto, Mexico y el problema obrero rural, 191 1. 



[36] 



ADVISORY COUNCIL 



Addams, Jane 
Alderman, President Edwin 
Ames, Dean Herman V. 
Andrews, Fanny Fern 
Biggs, Dr. Herman 
Blakeslee, Professor G. H. 
Brookings, Robert S. 
Bruere, Henry 
Bull, Dr. Carroll G. 
Burton, President M. L. 
Byrne, James 

Coolidge, Professor Archibald 
Cravath, Paul D. 
Cunliffe, Professor J. W. 
Davis, Katherine B. 
Downer, Professor Charles A. 
Ely, Professor Richard T. 
Filene, A. Lincoln 
Finley, Dr. John H. 
Fosdick, Dr. Harry E. 
Gilbert, Cass 
Gildersleeve, Dean V. C. 
Goodnow, President F. J. 
Hadley, President A. T. 
Hale, Dr. George E. 
Harrington, Governor E. C. 
Hazen, Professor Charles D. 
Hibben, President J. G. 
Howe, Professor Henry M. 
Hughes, Hon. Charles E. 
Jenks, Professor Jeremiah 
Judson, President H. P. 
Keppel, Frederick P. 
Keyser, Professor C. J. 
Lovett, President Edgar 
Lowell, President A. L. 
MacCracken, President H. N. 



Woolley, President Mary E. 



Mali, Pierre 

Main, President J. H. T. 
Mannes, David 
Marling, Alfred E. 
Meiklejohn, President A. 
Milliken, Professor R. A. 
Moore, Professor E. H. 
Morgan, William Fellowes 
Neilson, President W. A. 
Noyes, Professor Arthur A. 
Payne, President Bruce R. 
Pendleton, President Ellen T. 
Pupin, Professor Michael I. 
Putnam, Herbert 
Richardson, Dr. E. C. 
Robinson, Dr. Edward 
Sachs, Professor Julius 
Salmon, Dr. Thomas W. 
Schwedtman, Ferdinand C. 
Severance, Mrs. C. A. 
Shanklin, President W. A. 
Shorey, Professor Paul 
Shotwell, Professor J. T. 
Showerman, Professor Grant 
Stimson, Henry L. 
Stokes, Dr. Anson Phelps 
Storey, Professor Thomas A. 
Suzzallo, President Henry 
Thomas, President M. Carey 
Todd, Professor Henry A. 
Townsend, Hon. John G. 
Vincent, Dr. George E. 
Wald, Lillian D. 
White, Professor Henry C. 
Wilkins, Professor Ernest 
Wilson, Professor George G. 
Woodbridge, Dean F. J. E. 



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